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The rand slumped on Thursday as investors braced for higher US interest rates.
On Thursday morning, the rand was trading at R17.18/$, after briefly weakening to above R17.21 - weakest since July 2022. It has weakened 2% since Wednesday.
The rand was also weaker against the euro (R17.21) and the pound (R19.91).
This month, both the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank are expected to raise borrowing costs aggressively. Data overnight showed euro zone inflation had risen to another record high last month, solidifying the case for a 75 basis point (bps) rate hike from the ECB next week.
On Wednesday, Cleveland Fed President Loretta Mester said the US central bank would need to boost interest rates somewhat above 4% by early next year and hold them there in order to bring inflation back down to the Fed's goal, and that the risks of recession over the next year or two had moved up.
Expectations for a 75-basis-point US rate hike at next month's Federal Reserve meeting are rising on the back of solid economic data, with Fed funds futures last pointing to a 75% chance of such an increase.
The US dollar index, which measures the greenback against a basket of currencies, was up 0.2% at 109.08, not far off its two-decade high of 109.48 hit on Monday.
"The US dollar has a bit more upside, partly because we think the market is underestimating how high the Federal Reserve could take the funds rate," said CBA's Capurso.
Yields on US Treasuries rose accordingly. The two-year Treasury yield hit a peak of 3.516%, the highest since late 2007, while expectations for the peak in the Fed funds rate crept closer to 4%.
The greenback hit a 24-year high of 139.69 against the yen in early Asia trade, a gain of about 0.5% on the previous day's close. It was last up 0.42% at 139.55.
"The main driver remains rate differentials between Japan and the US, and even today's price action just follows the overnight move higher in U.S. rates. And we think the path ahead is going to depend on how U.S. rates behave," said Sosuke Nakamura, a strategist at JPMorgan in Tokyo.
"So long as expectations for the peak in the Fed funds rate keep ratcheting higher while the Bank of Japan remains on hold, dollar/yen will be a buy on dips. Anywhere in the low 140s now looks plausible," said Sean Callow, a currency strategist at Westpac in Sydney.
However, a senior finance ministry official said on Thursday that Japan was watching currency moves with a "high sense of urgency".
The surging dollar also pinned other major currencies down in Asia trade, with sterling falling about 0.4% to a new 2-1/2 year low of $1.1570 as clouds gathered over the British economy. The pound lost 4.6% in August, its steepest monthly decline since October 2016.
The risk-sensitive Australian and New Zealand dollars likewise hit their lowest levels since July, with the Aussie down 0.7% to $0.67925, while the kiwi fell 0.7% to $0.6077.
The euro slipped 0.4% but was clinging on above parity at $1.0014, as red-hot inflation stoked interest rate expectations in Europe.
Euro zone inflation rose to a record high at 9.1% in August, data released on Wednesday showed, solidifying the case for further big European Central Bank rate hikes to tame it.
Markets have priced in about a 40% chance the ECB will increase rates by 75 basis points next week, even as risks of a painful recession rise along with gas prices.
"The high inflation and (the) gas supply are still major issues in both the euro zone and the UK, and I think it's going to keep downward pressure on both those currencies," said Joseph Capurso, head of international economics at Commonwealth Bank of Australia.
"I can see the euro going back below parity again quite soon."
- Additional reporting by Fin24. The article has been corrected to state that the rand last traded around current levels in July 2022.
